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OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

THANKSGIVING STUDIES 



BY 

LOVEDAY A. NELSON 



A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 
CHICAGO 






Copyright 1904 by A. Flanagan Company. 






_ .^^->/ 



^S- I 



PR:NT^0 in the UNIT£0 states of AMERICA 



OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

THANKSGIVING STUDIES 

You often hear people talking of the President of 
our country. Doubtless most of you know him by 
name. Some of you may have seen him. 

You also know that once in every four years we 
have an election day, when papa votes for the man 
whom he thinks best for President. Then the one 
who gets the most votes becomes our President for 
four years. 

If this man makes a good President, he is some- 
times chosen again for another four years, or term, 
as we call it. But if he has not pleased the people, 
they choose some one else, anybody else, next election 
day. We never know who will be our next President 
until he is elected. One term he is a man from one 
part of the country; the next term he may be one 
from a far distant part. In our country we think 
that this way is best. 

It is not so in every country. In some countries, 

3 



4 OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

instead of a president there is a king, who expects to 
be king as long as he lives. At his death his son be- 
comes the king. If the king happens to be a good 
one, it is well for the country and for the people ; but 
if he chances to be a wicked, cruel one, the poor peo- 
ple have a sorry time as long as he lives. 

When Sunday comes, John goes with his mamma 
and papa to the Methodist Church. Perhaps Mary 
goes with her parents to the Baptist. Gretchen may 
prefer to go to the Lutheran Church, and Margaret 
to the Roman Catholic. In our country we think 
this quite right. We like to see people going to the 
church that helps them most. 

As it costs much money to build churches and pay 
the preachers, people must give money or there can 
be no churches. John may want to give his pennies 
to the Methodist Church or Sunday-school. Mary 
would rather give hers to the Baptist. Gretchen 's 
money is given to the Lutheran, and Margaret's to 
the Roman Catholic. In our country we think this, 
too, quite right. No one forces us to give money to 
any church. When we have any to give, we may do 
with it as we choose. 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 5 

Neither is this true in all countries. In some lands 
where there are kings instead of presidents, the 
kings have sometimes said that all the people must go 
to a certain church, and that they must pay that 
church money. Some of the kings have forbidden 
the people to have any other churches. 

Sometimes there have been people who loved an- 
other church which they were unwilling to give up. 
Sometimes there have been kings who have put these 
people in prison and done other harsh things in try- 
ing to force them to worship God according to the 
king's will. 

We shall learn of some unhappy people who lived 
in a country ruled at times by just such hard-hearted 
kings. When we know of some of the troubles and 
great hardships through which they passed in try- 
ing to pray to God and serve him as they thought 
right, we shall surely love them and always remem- 
ber their noble deeds. 

These people lived far across the Atlantic Ocean, 
in a country called England, where the king and all 
the people speak the English language. We learned 
our English from them. 



OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 




CHILDREN OF CHARLES I 



Look at the picture (Children of Charles I.) of 
these three children with their pet dog. You can 
tell that the dog is their playfellow and that he loves 
them, by the way he has taken his place at their side, 
and by the loving, trustful manner in which he looks 
up into the face of the boy whose hand rests on his 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 7 

head. The baby (Baby Stuart), whose picture 
alone you often see, and whom you hear called "Baby 
Stuart, " clasps a big red apple in his chubby hands. 

These things would make us think that these are 
ordinary children, just like you, with a love for fun 
and frolic, and an eye for bright things and a taste 
for goodies. 

Let us look at their clothes. This picture is a copy 
of a fine painting in rich colors. If we could go to 
the big gallery where the painting hangs, we should 
see that Mary, the sister, is dressed in beautiful white 
satin; Charles, the elder brother, has on an elegant 
scarlet gown ; while the dear little baby, James, wears 
a dainty blue gown. The quaint, rich dresses of 
stiff, costly goods, covered with fine needle-work, 
would convince us that these are not ordinary chil- 
dren. Indeed, they are the children of a great king. 

Charles and Mary and James lived three hundred 
years ago. Their grandfather had been King of 
England, and then their father was king. Next 
Charles ruled his country, and finally James. 

Their grandfather was one of the kings who tried 
to force all of the people to go to one church and to 
give their money to no other. He forbade them to 



8 OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

have a church of their own, and treated pretty 
roughly those who would not obey him. 

In one part of England there were a number of 
people who did not like the church of the king's 
choice, and were set on having one that suited their 
way of thinking. They had heard of another coun- 
try, just a little way across a small sea, where people 
might go to any church that they liked. So they 
left their good farms and fled from England to this 
other country, called Holland, the home of the 
Dutch* 

Here everything seemed very strange to them. 
There were no high hills in Holland. The land was 
low, as the land sometimes is beside the creek or 
down by the pond. In some places it was so low that 
the sea came right up into some of the streets, and 
when the people wished to leave their houses they 
had to go down the street in row-boats. Of course, 
the little children in those houses could not go out 
to play, for there were no yards and the streets were 
full of water. 

* ITie people of Holland are called Dutch, but you must not confuse 
them with the Germans, whom some persons call Dutch by mistake. The 
people of Germany speak German, which is quite different from Dutch, ihe 
language of Holland. 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 9 

Most of you boys have sometimes made little 
dams, to dam up water along the ditch or slough. 
That is whsit these Dutch people did. They built 
dams (or dikes, as they called them) to keep the 
water off the land, so that they might have farms 
and cities. 

Now the English who had come to Holland, having 
left their farms and made new homes in a Dutch city, 
found themselves without a way to make a living. 
The Dutch neighbors all around them were great 
workers. They worked steadily, and they worked 
hard. The men all had some business or trade to 
keep them busy. The women were fine housekeepers 
and kept their houses clean and neat as a pin. They 
were all careful and saving, and had ways of using 
many things which some people throw away as use- 
less. 

When the English people had looked around, and 
saw how things were, they made up their minds that 
they must learn to work like the Dutch. Therefore, 
they learned to spin wool into thread and yarn, to 
weave cloth, to twist twine, to make rope, hats and 
pipes, to build houses of either brick or lumber, and 
to make tables, chairs and other pieces of furniture. 



10 OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

These are only a few of the things that the English 
learned of the Dutch. 

The English children saw much to interest them in 
their queer new home. No doubt it seemed to them 
a funny, funny place, with its low houses with little 
window panes, its giant wind-mills scattered all 
around the country, its odd dog carts, and its comical 
little girls and boys. (1068. Girl with Cat.) This 
picture shows us that the little girls wore long 
dresses, and caps with curious ornaments on the sides 
of their heads. Like most of the people in that coun- 
try, this little maid wore wooden shoes. These she 
hung up in an orderly manner every night, and she 
always scrubbed them well on Saturday. 

The Dutch children were very kind to the little 
English boys and girls, and, you may be sure, played 
with them whenever they had a chance. What do 
you think the stranger children learned from their 
new playmates ? They soon learned to talk in Dutch, 
and to act like their Dutch comrades. 

The English fathers and mothers did not like that. 
They still loved England, and English ways, and the 
English language. Their love for their old home 
country made them grieve to see their children for- 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 11 

getting it. Therefore, they began to think of mov- 
ing again. They said to themselves: ''We can not 
stay here any longer. Before long our children and 
grandchildren will be like the Dutch. Our young 
men and young women will be marrying the Dutch. 
We must go somewhere else, where we can stay al* 
ways and still be Englishmen." 

Long before this, people had sailed across the At- 
lantic Ocean to this country which we now call Amer- 
ica. Those who stayed here wrote letters home, and 
those w^ho went back told their friends of this vast 
country, with miles and miles of good rich lands. 
They told of the great woods, of the high momitains 
and wide rivers, of the plentiful supply of wild ber- 
ries and nuts, and of the fish, wild ducks, rabbits, and 
deer that could be used for food. 

Only Indians had been living here up to that time. 
These red men wandered about from place to place, 
stopping when they pleased, now here, now there, 
wherever they could find plenty to eat for a time. 
When they came to a place where they wished to 
camp, they would cut some poles, stand them up, and 
cover them with skins to form tents. This picture 
of a Comanche Indian Camp (1343) shows how an 



12 



OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 



Indian village looks. The Arapahoe Indian Camp 
(1342) gives a nearer view of one of the tents, and we 
can see how the skins are pieced together and 
stretched to make a covering. 



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In both pictures are shown some of the Indians 
themselves wrapped in their blankets. In the sec- 
ond picture at the opening of the tent we see a little 
Indian child with no blanket on. A short distance 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 



13 




ARAPAHOE INDIAN CAMP 



away; there is a fresh skin hung over a pole to 
dry. 

The English people in Holland had heard that in 
this great country there was plenty of room, with no 
cruel kings. They thought that if they could only 
get here they could build themselves houses, and have 
a church to suit them, and pray and live as they 
thought right. Every day they thought more and 



14 



OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 



more how much better it would be if they could come 
to this new country and have a home of their own. 

Although they did not have much money, they 
managed finally to get two ships in which to sail 




DEPARTURE OF THE PILGRIMS FROM DELFT HAVEN 



across the ocean to America. And here you see a 
picture of the Pilgrims, as these people have ever 
since been called, starting for their new home. (1331. 
C. Departure of the Pilgrims from Delft Haven, 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 15 

1620. Cope.) The quaint houses, row-boats, and great 
wind-mills give you an idea of what Holland is 
like. Lying in the harbor is one of the waiting ships. 
Because the water is not deep enough, she can not 
come close to the shore ; so a row-boat must take the 
people out to her. A boat full is now ready to be 
pushed off. 

All can not go this time. Some must stay in Hol- 
land. The people on the shore have brought their 
dear Bible with them and at this moment are kneel- 
ing in prayer, doubtless asking God to care for their 
friends and relatives and lead them safely across the 
deep waters. 

In the picture called "Embarkation of the Pil- 
grims" (1331. Weir) we see that the Pilgrims now 
aboard, starting off, also have the Bible with them, 
and that there are prayers upon their lips as they 
leave the people who have been so kind to them and 
the little country that has given them a quiet home 
so long. 

After they had started out the Pilgrims found 
that one of their ships, called the Speedwell, was not 
strong enough for so long and dangerous a voyage. 
They sailed into an English harbor, and tried to have 



16 



OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 







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EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS 



the ship put in order. But they found she could not 
be made sound. So all that could crowded into the 
other ship, the Mayflower, and the rest of the band 
had to be left in England. 

It was not until September that the Pilgrims were 
really on their way. Although it was later in the 
season than they had wished to start, and they knew 
that many storms were likely to come upon them, 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 17 

nevertheless, they sailed off in the Mayflower with 
brave and cheerful hearts. 

For about two months — long, long months — they 
saile4, sailed, sailed, with nothing in sight but water, 
water, water, water. The weather was growing 
colder; there were sometimes storms, and the peo- 
ple were very uncomfortable. Some of them fell ill. 
One man died. 

'"^Ijey were so crowded in the cabins that they suf- 
fered for want of air. They did not have water 
enough to keep their clothes and themselves clean. 
There was not room for the children to run about in 
their play, as they liked to do, and the long, tiresome 
voyage was hard for them to bear. 

One day, when the ship was in mid ocean, a new 
baby, "vvhom the Pilgrims called Oceanus, came. Now 
they had something to interest them. Doubtless 
they loved him instantly, liked to peep into his 
little red face at every chance, were glad to hold him 
when they might, and talked with one another about 
him. 

Finally, late in November, the Mayflower came in 
sight of land. There had been more and more sick- 
ness aii^ng the Pilgrims, and the weather was stormy 



18 OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

and cold. They were miserable on the ship, and yet 
on land they would be more miserable still. There 
were no houses, no place for them to go. What were 
the poor wanderers to do ? 

The Mayflower sailed as near to the shore as she 



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THE MAYFLOWER IN PLYMOUTH HARBOR 

could get, as we see her in this picture (1331. B. The 
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor), while a party of 
men went ashore to hunt a good landing place. They 
wanted to find a neighborhood where there was a 
spring of fresh water, plenty of trees that might be 
chopped down for the building of houses, and open 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 19 

fields where grain might be raised. It took them 
several weeks to find such a place. 

One day, while wandering aromid, they came to a 
spot where something had been buried. Digging 
down, they found some maize, or Indian corn, which 
had been hidden there. Although they had caught 
fish along the shore, and had shot game in the woods, 
the food that they brought to America with them was 
fast being eaten up. So they looked upon this maize 
as a treasure. The finders promptly decided to 
carry it to the ship and pay the owner when they 
should find him. « 

It was almost Christmas before the Pilgrims de- 
cided on the spot to begin their new home, which was 
to be called Plymouth. The men all went to work, 
chopping down trees and shaping logs for a building 
in which all could live together until they could build 
more houses. When this was ready, just a few days 
before Christmas, they brought the women and chil- 
dren ashore. 

In this picture (1332. Landing of the Pilgrims) 
one painter has shown us what kind of a day he 
thought it was. The skies are dark, the wind is 
blowing hard, and the waves are rough. The men 



20 



OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 



pull the boat close to a rock, and hold her steady 
while the wanderers step upon it. 

This rock has ever since been called Plymouth 
Rock, and it has been kept and carefully guarded 
through all the many, many years that have passed 
since the Pilgrims first stepped upon it. Here is a 
picture of the actual rock, which we all love so well. 
(1333. Plymouth Rock.) So many thoughtless 
people broke off bits for keepsakes that it was neces- 
sary to build an iron railing around it so that it could 











SH-<^^,'CA> 




PLYMOUTH ROCK 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 



21 



not be reached. That has been taken away now. If 

you some clay have a chance to visit Plymouth, you 

will see that a fine marble arch has been built over it. 

Now came many troubles and hardships. The 




MILES STANDISH AND HIS SOLDIERS 



weather was bitterly cold, and the Pilgrims were 
without comfortable homes in which to keep warm. 
They had not enough of the right kind of food. So 
many of them were sick that the second house which 



99 



OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 



was put up was needed for a hospital. Then there 
were the Indians, of whom they stood in constant 
fear. 

The men chose for their captain the brave Miles 
Standish, who had proved himself a good soldier and 
captain while in Holland. He drilled them so that 
they might be ready to fight the red men if necessary. 

A friendly young Indian named Hobomok came to 
live with the Pilgrims. As he knew all about the In- 
dians and the country, he was of great help to them. 
(1340. Miles Standish and His Soldiers.) Here 
you see Captain Standish and some of his soldiers 
following the faithful Hobomok, who is showing 
them the way. 

As they never knew what moment the Indians 
would come upon them, even when they went to 
church the Pilgrims carried their gims. (1339. Pil- 
grims Going to Church.) A fine picture showing a 
group on the way to church, has been painted for us. 
You see a copy of it here. The man in the long govm 
and carrying a Bible, is the elder who will lead the 
services. Several others have their Bibles in their 
hands, but the men all carry guns. When they reach 
the meeting-house the guns will be kept close at hand. 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 



23 



The same artist has painted another picture showing 
us that even when a young man takes his sweetheart 
to meeting, he must have his gun upon his shoulder 
(1337. John Alden and Priscilla), Avhile she car- 
ries her Bible. 

Have you noticed that in all of the pictures in 
which it has been possible to put a Bible, the differ- 




PILGRIMS GOING TO CHURCH 



ent painters have given the Book a prominent place ? 
Do you understand why? Because the noble Pil- 
grims had great love for God. They lived a life of 
loyal trust in him. Not only on Sundays, but every 
aay they loved to read the Bible and pray. Ani so 
that they might pray to God and serve him as they 
wished they gave up kind friends and comfortable 



24 OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

homes and risked their very lives. We should not 
think a picture of our Pilgrim forefathers good un- 
less it made us think as soon as we saw it of this part 
of their lives. 

One hundred and two Pilgrims had come to Amer- 
ica on the Mayflower. By spring half of the little 
band had died. The first to go was the beautiful 
young wife of Captain Standish. Another and an- 
other followed. Little Oceanus and his mother both 
died. There were so many sick that at one time 
there were only seven who were able to wait upon the 
others. For fear that the Indians would find out 
how small their number was becoming, when the Pil- 
grims buried those who died, they would not make 
mounds above the graves, but smoothed them over. 

In April the Mayflower set sail for England. Now 
was a chance for the people to go back to their old 
home. How many do you think wished to go*? In 
spite of all the trials and sorrows which they had 
seen, in spite of the hard times that would surely 
come to them in this new country, not one sailed in 
the Mayflower except the sailors who manned the 
ship! 

Still, the sailing of the ship made the Pilgrims 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 



25 



think of the many loved ones across the water, and 
without doubt they watched with sorrowful faces 
and weeping eyes, as long as the Mayflower could 




PILGRIM EXILES. 



be seen. (1334. Departure of the Mayflower. 
Bayes.) 

The Pilgrims had learned how to manage farm 
lands, and how to support their families in a large 
city. Now they had to lead a new and quite different 



26 OUK PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

life in a wild, strange land. It was well for them, in- 
deed, that among their Indian neighbors there were 
some who were willing to be their friends. These 
friendly red men understood life in the wilds, and 
showed the white people how to make snow-shoes, 
moccasins, canoes, and other useful articles. From 
the Indians the white men also learned how to catch 
eels and how to trap animals. When planting time 
came, it was a friendly Indian named Squanto who 
showed them how to plant their maize and tend it so 
as to get good crops. 

Their peas and some of their other crops did not 
do so very well the first season ; but in the autumn it 
was found that there was a fine harvest of maize. 
This filled their hearts with joy. 

While living in Holland the Pilgrims had seen 
the Dutch keep a Thanksgiving day every autunm. 
The people of Plymouth thought that after their 
crops had been gathered and their hard work was fin- 
ished for the season, it would be a good thing for 
them to have a time of joy and thanksgiving. So 
Governor Bradford sent out a company of men to 
shoot wild turkeys and other game, and the women 
set to work to cook all sorts of good things, so that 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 27 

they migM feast and frolic for a week. He sent an 
invitation to the Indian neighbors to enjoy the fun 
with them. 

Wishing to show their good will, and to help with 
the Thanksgiving feast, the Indian guests went into 
the w^oods and killed for the table five deer and much 
other game. As the Pilgrims had not yet become 
skilled enough hunters to get much large game, they 
were very grateful for this present from their 
friends. 

About ninety Indians came with their chief. They 
stayed for three days. The time was passed in 
wrestling, shooting at marks, and in other sports. 
By the time the party was over there was a better 
feeling between the reds and the whites, and it 
seemed that they might afterward live in peace. 

By the end of a year the people had built seven 
houses for homes, and four other buildings for the 
use of all. But their worries and sufferings were by 
no means ended. Other ships came from England 
with many people but no food. The Pilgrims could 
not raise enough grain to make bread for all. 

There were plenty of fish, clams, oysters, and lob- 
sters in the sea ; and wild grapes, plums, and berries 



28 OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

in the woods. Yet during the next two years the 
people of Plymouth sometimes could scarcely keep 
from starving. For four months, at one time, they 
lived almost entirely upon sea food. Only once in a 
while could they find some nuts or shoot some game 
in the woods. 

During those trying days all that the Pilgrims had 
learned in Holland helped them a great deal. When 
they reached this country, before they could do any- 
thing else, they needed to make tool handles and get 
their tools ready for work. 

The ship was small and crowded, and so it was not 
possible to bring all the furniture and the hundreds 
of articles, both little and large, which they would 
really need. They had to make not only their houses, 
but all these other things as quickly as possible. 
There were no mills, no stores, no shops ; they could 
not run down town to get every little thing needed. 

Finally their clothes began to wear out. What 
could they do? In Holland they had learned from 
the Dutch women to raise flax and spin it into beauti- 
ful even threads, and later to weave these threads 
into good linen cloth. (The Spinner. Maes.) So 
now the Pilgrims raised flax and sheep, and in the 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 



29 



winter time, when there was not much other work to 
do, the women busied themselves spinning flax and 
wool into thread and yarn, which they dyed them- 
selves. This thread and yarn they wove into cloth 
and knit up into warm stockings and mittens. 

(3298. Priscilla Spinning. Barse.) In this 
picture we see a Puritan maiden sitting near the cozy 




PKISriLLA SPINNING 



30 OUR PILGRIM FOREFATHERS 

fireplace, spinning with a spinning wheel which she 
runs with her foot. She has her Bible in her lap, 
probably so that she may once in a while read a verse 
or two to be thinking about as she works. 

Thus we might talk on and on, without being able 
to tell all about the Pilgrim forefathers and fore- 
mothers and what we owe them. Stories and poems 
have been written about them, and artists of many 
countries have painted us beautiful pictures of them. 
"We can not look over the books in any good library 
without finding much about the brave and upright, 
God-loving Pilgrims. We can not go into any of the 
large galleries where hang rows and rows of fine 
paintings, and not see pictures of Pilgrim scenes. 
As you grow older you will hear more and more of 
them. 

Some day you may be able to go to Plymouth, the 
very town which these brave people began to build al- 
most three hundred years ago. There you will have 
pointed out to you the very Plymouth Eock on which 
they landed; perhaps you will visit Burial Hill, 
where sleep their noble dead; you will see the first 
street laid out, the spot where the first house was 
built, and the monument erected to the Pilgrims' 



THANKSGIVING STUDIES 31 

memory. The townspeople will take pride in telling 
vou liow long it took to build the marble giant, and 
how much money it cost. 

They will direct you to Pilgrim Hall, which is 
filled with things which were once used by the Pil- 
grims, or have something to do with them. Here you 
may see among other things a chest and a chair which 
once belonged to Elder Brewster, whose black- 
gowned figure we see in so many pictures. Governor 
Carver's chair, a dinner pot, and the sword of Miles 
Standish. Here, too, hang a number of the Pilgrim 
pictures, which our country wishes to keep forever, 
if Dossibie. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

Take plenty of time. The first of November is none too soon 
to begin. 

Tell a little eacb day, showing but one picture at one lesson (ex- 
cepting pictures which are in some way closely related; as, for 
instance, the Comanche and the Arapahoe Indian Camps, which are 
but different views of everyday Indian life). 

When a point which can be illustrated has been made, show the 
picture. In getting out of the picture what she can for the children, 
each teacher must use her own good Judgment considering the grade 
and general intelligence of her class. 

After it has been handled to the best possible advantage, hang 
the picture low on the wall, where it will be convenient for the 
pupils to look at it at odd times. Wlien another has been intro- 
duced, hang it near. By the time the story is ended, the entire 
series will be on display. 

Encourage pupils to look at them before sessions, at intermissions, 
and at other chance times. They will do it; and without the class 
restraint, will examine them together, and will give the teacher 
opportunities to talk with them in small groups. In this way, the 
children may be led to form the beginning of worthy acquaint- 
ances. When later and in other places they come across these same 
pictures, their faces will light up as at sight of old friends. 

After the story has been well told in parts, tell or read it as a 
whole at least once, — twice or thrice is better. 

As, in both content and vocabulary, there is much in the story 
that is new for ordinary public school little ones, it is more 
profitable for teachers, especially of the lowest primary grades, to 
use the time in repeating the story over and over, until the tale 
and the expressions have been caught, before demanding much oral 
reproduction in class. If the child is attracted, it will without 
conscious effort absorb, and more will come from the work than is 
in evidence in the schoolroom. 

As to the pictures, — so that they are good copies, it matters not 
whence they come. Among those which I am using are some 
sent out with Sunday city papers, educational and other publica- 
tions, a few magazine illustrations, and the Perry pictures. Num- 
bers in thp vftk ref«r it> ihe Perry catalogue. 

Gray is*a serviceaWe coWr, does no violence to the eyes, and 
brings out the tones well. For these reasons, gray cardboard 
makes a good mounting. ^^ a 



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